I te 25 o Ākuhata, e whitu ngā tari, tae atu ki te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio, i whakaputa mana i te "Mahere Mahi mō te Tipu Pūmau o te Ahumahi Rino me te Rino" (e kiia nei ko te "Mahere"), me te whakanui anō ko te ahumahi rino me te rino he ahumahi matua, he pou hoki o te ōhanga o te motu, ā, he mara nui e pā ana ki te tipu pumau o te ahumahi me te whakahaere maeneene o te ōhanga. I taua wā anō, e whakatakoto ana te "Kaupapa" i ngā mahi 12, tae atu ki te tautoko me te ārahi i te whanaketanga tika o te rino oumu hiko, e kiia nei ko te "12 Rino". (Pāwhiritia hei tiro i ngā taipitopito: Taumaha! E whitu ngā tari i whakaputa tahi i te "Mahere Mahi mō te Tipu Pūmau o te Ahumahi Rino me te Rino")
I tēnei wā, ko te putanga o te rino oumu hiko e tata ana ki te 10% o te putanga rino mata o tōku whenua. E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, neke atu i te 250 ngā umanga hanga rino oumu hiko tukatuka-poto i tōku whenua, ā, tata ki te 200 o ēnei he umanga hanga rino oumu hiko para katoa. Nā te "Mahere Whakatinanatanga o te Piki Waro Ahumahi" i whakatakoto ngā whakaritenga whāinga "i te tau 2025, ka eke te ōwehenga o te hanga rino tukatuka-poto ki te neke atu i te 15%; i te tau 2030, ka eke te ōwehenga o te hanga rino tukatuka-poto ki te neke atu i te 20%", kua whakaarohia hoki e ngā kawanatanga, ngā kaunihera kei raro tonu i te Kāwanatanga Matua) kia eke te ōwehenga o te hanga rino tukatuka-poto ki te 5% ki te 20% i roto i ngā tuhinga pēnei i te "Mahere Whakatinanatanga o te Piki Waro", "Mahere Whakatinanatanga o te Piki Waro Mara Ahumahi", me te "Mahere Mahi Whānui mō te Tiaki Pūngao me te Whakaiti Tukunga". Ko te whāinga.
Ko te haurua tuarua o te "waro takirua" o te umanga rino me te maitai o tōku whenua me whakawhirinaki ki te whanaketanga kaha o te hanga maitai oumu hiko kia tutuki ai te kore waro i muri i te tihi waro. Ko te nui o te hanga maitai oumu hiko para-katoa me te rino whakaheke tika e ahu mai ana i te hauwai me te nui o te hanga maitai oumu hiko matomato he rite tonu ki te hanga "maitai matomato".
I te marama o Mei o tēnei tau, i tū tahi te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio, te Manatū Taiao me te Taiao me te Kāwanatanga Porowini o Sichuan i te Huihuinga Whakatairanga Hanga Rino Poto-Tukanga-Motu mō te Umu Hiko i te Tāone o Luzhou, Porowini o Sichuan, hei arotahi me te whakatinana i te "Mahere Whakatinanatanga mō te Kaupapa Ārahi Whakawhanake Kounga-Teitei mō te Hanga Rino Poto-Tukanga-Umu Hiko". Mō te tautoko me te ārahi i te whanaketanga tika o te rino oumu hiko, ko te "mahere" hou i tukuna e ngā minitatanga me ngā komihana e whitu tae atu ki te Manatū Ahumahi me te Hangarau Mōhiohio e whakanui ana i te tere o te whakatinanatanga o te kaupapa ārahi whanaketanga kounga-teitei o te hanga rino oumu hiko poto-tukanga, ā, e whakamārama ana anō i te whakatinanatanga o te whakakapinga kaha rerekē mō ngā kaupapa hanga rino oumu hiko para-katoa, te whakahaere taiao me ētahi atu kaupapa here hei waihanga i tētahi rōpū ahumahi rino oumu hiko ārahi-ao.
Ko te whakatūnga me te whanaketanga o ngā rōpū ahumahi maitai oumu hiko me whakawhirinaki ki ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko e whakamahi ana i te tukanga whakaputa o ngā whakarewa hiko para katoa. Ahakoa ka taea e te ōwehenga o te hanga maitai tukatuka-poto te eke ki te paerewa e ai ki te whakaritenga, ka whai wāhi nui ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko. Kei ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko te kaha ki te waihanga i ngā umanga paearu pai rawa atu, me te mahi hoki i te kaupapa hītori nui o te hanga i tētahi umanga paearu pai rawa atu i roto i te hanga maitai oumu hiko ka taea te whakatauira i te tauira whakatairanga. Ko te whanaketanga kounga teitei o ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko ka noho hei whakatairanga me te whakaū mō te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te umanga maitai. Ko te whakatairanga i te whakapainga whai hua o te kounga me te tipu tika o te nui o te maitai oumu hiko e kore e taea te wehe i te umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko, ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakatinanatanga o te "12 ngā ture maitai", ā, ka noho hei whakatinanatanga hohonu o te whakatinanatanga "e rua e kore e taea te nekeneke".
Te tiro i te āhua whanaketanga o te maitai oumu hiko i tōku whenua mai i te tirohanga tukanga
E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, ko te kaha whakaputa rino oumu hiko o tōku whenua he tata ki te 200 miriona tana, engari i te tau 2022 ko te putanga o te rino oumu hiko he iti iho i te 100 miriona tana, ā, ko te reiti whakamahinga kaha he tata ki te 50%. Mai i Hānuere ki Hūrae o tēnei tau, ko te reiti whakahaere toharite o ngā oumu hiko rino para katoa i tōku whenua neke atu i te 75%. %, ko te reiti whakamahinga kaha toharite kei te tata ki te 50%, ā, kei te noho tonu ngā umanga hanga rino oumu hiko i waenga i te iti o ngā hua me ngā mate. I tetahi taha, kāore ngā umanga hanga rino oumu hiko i tūtaki ki ngā motuhanga hiko nui me te roa i puta mai i te pāmahana teitei i tēnei raumati, ā, i noho tonu te reiti whakahaere toharite o ngā oumu hiko ki te taumata teitei; i tetahi atu taha, ko te reiti whakamahinga kaha toharite o ngā oumu hiko kei te taumata iti, ko te nuinga nā te rino. Kāore i te pai te āhua o te utu mākete i raro iho, he teitei te utu o ngā rauemi rino para, ā, kāore i te rawaka te tuku, ā, he teitei te utu o te pūngao me te maha atu o ngā āhuatanga. Mai i te tirohanga tukanga, he tino māmā te tīmata i te hanganga o ngā taputapu hanga rino oumu hiko kia tutuki ai te "roa ki te poto" mā te whakakapinga kaha, ko te tikanga kāore he raruraru ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga o te hanga rino tukatuka-poto neke atu i te 15% i te tau 2025. Heoi, ehara tēnei i te kī ko te 15% o te putanga rino mata o tōku whenua ka whakaputaina e ngā oumu hiko, nā te mea ko ngā āhuatanga rauemi mata pēnei i te tuku me te utu o te rino para mō te hanga rino oumu hiko, me ngā āhuatanga pikinga utu pūngao pēnei i te hiko kua hua ake te utu o te rino oumu hiko he teitei ake i te rino kaitahuri. Kāore he painga o te utu. Kāore e taea te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga "pōrearea" e aukati ana i te whanaketanga o te hanga rino oumu hiko, ā, he uaua ki te hanga i tētahi putanga pai e pā ana ki te ōwehenga tukanga o te hanga rino oumu hiko i roto i te wā poto.
Te titiro ki te Āhua Whanaketanga o te Rino o te Oumu Hiko i tōku whenua mai i te Tirohanga Taputapu
I te 14 o Hūrae, 2023, i whakaputa te Komihana Whakawhanake me te Whakahou ā-Motu i tētahi pānuitanga mō te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te marea mō te "Rārangi Arataki mō te Whakatikatika Hanganga Ahumahi (Putanga 2023, Tauira mō ngā Kōrero)" (e kiia nei i muri nei ko te "Rārangi"). E kī ana te "Rārangi" ko te taputapu hanga rino oumu hiko kua herea ko te "umu pewa hiko me te kaha ingoa o te 30 tana neke atu rānei me te 100 tana (rino koranu 50 tana) iti iho rānei". Kua whakatinanahia tēnei kaupapa here mai i te tau 2011, ā, kāore anō kia whakatikatikaina.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, mai i te whakatinanatanga o "Ngā Mahi Whakatinanatanga mō te Whakakapinga Kaha i roto i te Ahumahi Rino me te Maitai" i te 1 o Hune, 2021, tae noa ki te mutunga o Hūrae 2023, mā te whakatinanatanga o te whakakapinga kaha, kua hangaia he 66 ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko, kua hangaia hou, kua hangaia rānei. Ko te kaha katoa he 6,430 tāne, ā, ko te kaha toharite o ia taputapu he 97.4 tāne, kua tata ki te 100 tāne. E whakaatu ana tēnei kei te tere haere ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko o tōku whenua i te huarahi ki te whanaketanga nui, ā, kua whakatinanahia pai ngā whakaritenga o te "Rārangi Kōrero". Heoi, me mōhio anō hoki kāore ngā taputapu hou katoa he kaha ingoa neke atu i te 100 tāne, ā, kei te whakamahia tonu ētahi taputapu hei hanga maitai koranu nā ngā here pēnei i te kaha whakaputa, e karo ana i te rohe o te kaha ingoa kāore i raro iho i te 100 tāne.
Mai i te tau 2017, me te āwhina o te 140 miriona tana o te "papa maitai" kua horoia, kua hangaia e tōku whenua he maha ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko, engari ko ngā taputapu oumu hiko 100 tana me runga ake nei he mea kawemai te nuinga. E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore i oti, ko te kohinga E 51 ngā oumu hiko kawemai me te kaha o tēnei taumata kua hangaia, kei te hangaia, kei te hangaia rānei, tae atu ki te 23 i hangaia e Danieli, 14 i hangaia e Tenova, 12 i hangaia e Prime, 2 i hangaia e SMS, me ētahi atu. He uaua ki ngā umanga te whakataetae ki ngā kaihanga o tāwāhi i tēnei taumata o ngā taputapu oumu hiko. Ko ngā umanga ā-rohe o Changchun Electric Furnace, Wuxi Dongxiong me ētahi atu umanga taputapu oumu hiko e aro nui ana ki ngā oumu hiko whāngai whakapae i raro i te 100 tana, me ngā oumu hiko whāngai tonu whakapae 70-80 tana. Ko te rohe o tēnei wāhanga o ngā oumu hiko neke atu i te 95%.
I roto i te rangahau, i kitea ko te wā whakarewa toharite mō te oumu hiko whāngai tonu whakapae 70-80 tāne para-katoa he tata ki te 32 meneti, ko te kaha whakarewa toharite he 335 kWh/tāne maitai, ko te whakamahinga hiko he 0.75 kg/tāne maitai, ā, ka taea e ngā tohu hangarau me te ōhanga te eke ki te 100. I runga ake i te taumata oumu hiko, ko te kaha tukunga waro he tata ki te 0.4 tāne/tāne maitai. Mēnā ka oti i tēnei taumata taputapu oumu hiko te whakarerekētanga tukunga tino iti e hiahiatia ana, ka taea e ia te whakatutuki katoa i ngā whakaritenga o te paerewa whakatinanatanga tukunga tino iti ā-motu. E whakaaro ana te "Whakaaro" ki te whakateretere i te whakatairanga i te whakapai ake i ngā taputapu hangarau, ngā oumu hiko matatau, te whakarewa motuhake, te whakamātautau teitei me ētahi atu taputapu teitei, me te whakapakari i te rangahau tahi o runga me raro o te "tono rangahau-umanga-whare wānanga". Mai i ngā raraunga rangahau i runga ake nei, ka kitea ko te oumu hiko whāngai tonu whakapae 70-80 tāne para-katoa e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te "oumu hiko matatau". Ngā āheinga auaha me te whakawhanake o ngā umanga maitai.
E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti, e 418 ngā oumu hiko i tōku whenua (tae atu ki ngā mea o nāianei, ngā mea hou kua hangaia, me ngā mea kei te hangaia), 181 ngā oumu hiko me te kaha ingoa o te 50 tāne, iti iho rānei, me te 116 ngā oumu hiko me te kaha o te 51 tāne ki te 99 tāne (70 tāne~ E 87 mō te 99 tāne), ā, e 121 ngā oumu hiko mō te 100 tāne, neke atu rānei. E ai ki ngā whakaritenga o te "Catalogue", ahakoa ka tangohia ētahi taputapu oumu hiko hou 50-100 tāne i runga i te ingoa o te maitai koranu, he tino teitei tonu te ōwehenga o ngā taputapu oumu hiko kua herea i tōku whenua. He mea tika kia whakaarohia, kia matapakihia rānei mēnā me whakawhānui ake te kaha o ngā oumu hiko, "kotahi te rahi e pai ana mō te katoa" me te "kahui pī" hei akiaki "kia neke atu i te iti ki te nui", me whakaiti rānei i te paerewa kaha ingoa here mō ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko whakarewa para katoa i runga i te huarahi kua whakaritea. E whakaarohia ana kia whakarerekētia te kīanga i roto i te "Catalogue" o "oumu pewa hiko me te kaha ingoa o te 30 tana, neke atu rānei, me te 100 tana (maitai koranu 50 tana) iti iho rānei" ki "oumu pewa me te kaha ingoa o te 30 tana, neke atu rānei, me te 100 tana (maitai koranu 50 tana, 70 tana mō ngā maitai para katoa) Ouma", kia pai ake ai te whakamahi i ngā painga o ngā taputapu oumu hiko 70-99 tana o nāianei, me te whakaiti i te "porowhita piri" i runga i ngā upoko o ngā umanga kei a rātou aua taputapu oumu hiko.
Te whakarerekētanga me te whakapai ake i ngā umanga rino oumu hiko o tōku whenua mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga hua
I roto i ngā hua maitai i hangaia e ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko o tōku whenua, neke atu i te 80% te putanga o te maitai waro noa, ā, neke atu i te 60% te maitai hanga. I te ngoikore haere o te tono mō ngā maitai hanga pērā i te rebar, me whakarerekē wawe ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko e whakaputa ana i ngā hua maitai nui me te whānui i ā rātou hanganga hua, me whakaoti hoki i ā rātou whakarerekētanga me te whakapai ake.
I te haere tonu o te whanaketanga ōhanga kounga teitei o tōku whenua, kei te piki haere te hiahia takitahi mō ngā hua rino, ā, kei te piki haere te whakaputanga "e hangai ana ki te tono". I te nuinga o te wā, mō ngā umanga hanga rino oumu hiko me te kaha o te 100 tana me runga ake, he teitei ngā tohu o te kaha whakaputa, ā, ko te hanganga tautoko o ngā raina whakaputa rino hurihuri me nui te haumitanga whakapaipai, e herea ana e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te rohe o te papa me te nui o te haumitanga rawa pumau hou. He uaua ki te whakaoti katoa i te whakatikatika hanganga hua.
Mō te maitai koranu me te maitai motuhake he maha ngā puranga whakaputa, ngā puranga iti me te uara tāpiri nui, me whakamahi tuatahi i te "oumu hiko iti" mō te whakaputa, e kore e taea anake te whakaiti i ngā utu whakaputa, engari ka whakaiti hoki i ngā utu tiaki taputapu. He rite anō hoki tēnei ki ngā kaupapa kua whakaarohia i roto i te "Mahere" hei waihanga i ngā rōpū ahumahi maitai matatau. Me aro nui ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko ki te whakawhanake i te huarahi o ngā umanga iti me te rahi auaha, ngā umanga iti me te rahi hou motuhake me te motuhake, ngā umanga "nui iti" motuhake, motuhake me te hou, me ngā umanga toa takitahi i roto i te hanga. Hei tauira, he umanga "nui iti" motuhake taumata-motu i Anhui e tango ana i te oumu hiko 35-tana hei tautoko i ngā oumu whakamahine maha, ngā oumu whakakoi me ngā oumu kai-whaiaro, me ētahi atu, ā, ko te kaha whakaputa he 150,000 tana o ngā rauemi koranu motuhake kounga teitei ia tau. , he whānui te whakamahinga o ngā hua i roto i te rererangi, te rererangi, te hanga kaipuke, te matū hinu, te mana karihi me ētahi atu mara, ā, ka taea te whakarite i te rangahau me te whanaketanga me te whakaputa rauemi hou i runga i ngā hiahia o ngā kiritaki mō ngā rauemi hou; He kamupene kua rārangihia i Jiangsu e whakamahi ana i tētahi oumu hiko 60-tana hei tautoko i ngā oumu whakangao maha. Ko ngā oumu whakapūmau, ngā oumu whakapūmau me ngā oumu kai-whaiaro, me ētahi atu, e whakaputa ana i ngā rauemi koranu me ngā hua koranu. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ēnei hua i roto i ngā ahumahi hanga taputapu teitei pēnei i te hiko hau hou, te kawe tereina, te rererangi, ngā taputapu hōia, te hiko karihi, me ngā taputapu maramara haurua-ira.
Ka taea e te oumu hiko para-katoa, tata ki te 70 tana, te whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga o "ngā puranga maha, ngā momo maha, me te iti o te rahinga kirimana". Ka whakaitihia ngā toenga kore e toe ana nā te hanga kirimana a ngā umanga rino me te maitai. Ko te nui o te hoko o ngā rauemi mata me ngā rauemi āwhina me ngā hoko hua o te tata ki te 70 tana o ngā oumu hiko para-katoa he iti iho i ērā o te 100 tana o ngā oumu hiko me runga ake, ā, he iti ake te taumata katoa o ngā poke me ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi i te rohe.
Hei tāpiritanga, kia ōrite te oumu hiko kotahi 70-tana ki te raina whakaputa mira hurihuri 600,000-tana, he tikanga whakataurite oumu-mīhini whaitake, ōhanga, me te whai hua mō ngā mira maitai o te tāone me te radius o te 200 kiromita mō te tuku maitai para me te hoko hua. Mō te ahunga whanaketanga o ngā hua oumu hiko me ngā kaha ingoa rerekē, e taunakihia ana kia whai i ēnei tikanga whakarōpū e toru: tuatahi, ko te kaha oumu hiko he 30 tana ki te 50 tana, he pai mō te hanga maitai motuhake me te maitai koranu i roto i ngā puranga iti; tuarua, ko te kaha oumu hiko he 150 tana me runga ake, he pai mō te hanga pereti me ngā rīpene, te maitai motuka uara-tāpiri nui me te maitai kore waikura, me ētahi atu; tuatoru, ko te kaha o te oumu hiko mai i te 50 tana ki te 150 tana, ā, ko te nuinga he 70 tana ki te 100 tana, he pai mō ngā mira maitai iti huri noa i te tāone mō te hanga maitai mō te hanga me te whakakore i ngā para o te whare.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hanga Rino Poto-Tukanga o te Oumu Hiko i tōku whenua
Tuatahi, whakatenatenahia ngā mahi ki ngā āhuatanga o te rohe, me te whakatairanga kaha me te pumau i te whanaketanga o te rino oumu hiko. Kāore e tika ana kia tere te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā taputapu hanga rino oumu hiko me te ōwehenga o te putanga rino oumu hiko, ā, kāore hoki e whakatenatenahia kia whakanuia te ōwehenga o te kaha whakaputa me te putanga o te oumu hiko poto-tukanga e pā ana ki te hanganga tukanga i ngā rohe katoa o te whenua. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā whakaritenga tohu tauanga motuhake. Ko te tikanga tuatahi mō te whanaketanga o te hanga rino oumu hiko ko te wāhi o te umanga he nui ngā rauemi ferrite pērā i te rino para, ā, whai muri ko te wai me te hiko iti te utu hei tautoko, ā, ko te tuatoru ko te tiaki taiao, te pūngao me ngā tukunga waro ā muri ake nei he iti, he onge. Mena kāore he painga o ngā rauemi me te pūngao i tētahi rohe, ā, he kaha te kaha kawe taiao me te kaha purenga, engari he "rōpū" e tāuta matapo ana i ngā taputapu hanga rino oumu hiko, ko te mutunga pea he maha ngā "kaitahuri hiko" i ētahi rohe. Ko ētahi umanga hanga rino oumu hiko kāore e taea te whakataetae ki ngā umanga tukatuka roa kua akiakihia kia whakamutua te whakaputa mō te wā roa nā te kore o te whakataetae mākete.
Tuarua, whakatinanahia ngā kaupapa here mā te kāwai, ā, kia pai te mahi i roto i te whakaputa me te whakahaere i ngā oumu hiko kei roto i te taonga. Kaua e tino apo ki ngā whenua ke mō ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko, whakamaherehia he tikanga taurite mīhini oumu pai mō ngā taputapu hanga maitai oumu hiko, e taunakihia ana kia kaua e whakamahia noa te rahi o te kaha oumu hei tohu anake hei ine mēnā kei te matatau ngā taputapu, ā, kaua hoki e akiaki i ngā wāhanga katoa o te whenua kia haere tonu ki te whakamahi i te "rahi kotahi e pai ana mō te katoa". Ko ngā kaupapa here pēnei i te neke mai i te iti ki te nui ka aukati i te whanaketanga o ngā umanga "oumu hiko iti" whakataetae.
Ko te "Whakatakoto" e whakatakoto ana i ngā kupu whakakaha e whakamana ana kia whakatūria e ngā rohe katoa he tikanga mō te tipu pumau o te umanga rino, kia horoia ngā kaupapa here whakahāwea ki te umanga rino, kia tutuki ai te ahunga whanaketanga kounga teitei mō te hanga rino oumu hiko me te mahi taiao taumata-A me te whai huatanga pūngao matatau. Kāore ngā kaupapa rino me te rino i roto i te whakahaere kaupapa "e rua teitei me te kotahi whakapaipai". I raro i te āhuatanga whānui o nāianei o te umanga rino me te rino, me aro nui ngā umanga ki te whakarite i te "ora" me te karo i te taumata teitei o te nama kamupene e hua mai ana i ngā taputapu oumu hiko hou, ka waiho hei kakau witi whakamutunga e kuru ana i te umanga.
Tuatoru, kia tere ake te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga kounga teitei o te umanga maitai oumu hiko. E whakaarohia ana me rapu ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko i te huringa me te whakapai ake i te wā e taea ai, kia oti te arotau me te whakatikatika i te hanganga hua, me te whakaputa hua uara nui whakataetae i roto i ngā awheawhe "ma". Whakatūria te mōhiotanga waitohu, kia aro nui ki te pānuitanga me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o waho, me te whai kia "waitohu teitei". Ahakoa he here, he kore rānei, ka taea e ngā taputapu oumu hiko te whakaputa maitai hanga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga kounga a te kiritaki. Mena kaore e taea e te "oumu hiko nui" te tiki tonu i ngā rauemi ferrite kounga teitei me te parakore pēnei i te para maitai, te rino whakaheke tika rānei, he uaua ki te whakaputa hua maitai uara nui. Ko ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko e whakaputa ana i te maitai hanga hei hua matua me rapu kia oti te huringa me te whakapai ake i te wā e taea ai mā te whakakotahitanga me te hoko ngaio, te mahi tahi kaha whakaputa o te ao, me ētahi atu. Ko te tauira whanaketanga me ngā momo hua o ngā umanga hanga maitai oumu hiko he "tangata nunui iti", he toa takitahi me he toa kore e kitea, mā roto i ngā mahi maha pēnei i te whakanui ake i te haumi R&D, te whakapakari i te mahi tahi hangarau, te hoko hangarau pakeke rānei, ka tino tutuki te whakatikatika hanganga hua me te whai kia "auaha teitei".
Wā tuku: Hepetema-11-2023